HyNEAT Final Project Report: Assessment of Liquid Hydrogen Supply Infrastructure for H2-powered Aviation

We are pleased to announce the publication of the final report for the HyNEAT research project. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of a liquid hydrogen (LH2) supply infrastructure for aviation in Europe. Rather than advocating for H2-powered aviation, the report explores the practicalities: how such an infrastructure could be realized, its economic implications, and its interaction with the broader European energy system.

To navigate inherent uncertainties, the research utilizes a series of scenarios combined with system dynamics and supply network modeling. The goal is to determine cost-optimal infrastructure networks for a target picture in 2050 and assess the transition pathways for the infrastructure development.

What we have found

Our analysis reveals that the economic viability of LH2 aviation depends heavily on location and scale.

• Key cost drivers: An airport’s location and demand volume are the primary factors influencing supply costs. While costs are high during the initial development phase, they can be reduced through economies of scale and access to low-cost renewable energy.
• The role of imports: For airports without low-cost on-site production, connecting to the European Hydrogen Backbone (EHB) or importing LH2 via ports is critical. A hybrid strategy combining domestic production with imports from regions with lower costs leads to the most efficient network.
• Policy dependence: Significant demand for LH2 in aviation only arises under ambitious policy frameworks. Without strong incentives and higher CO2 prices, H2-powered aircraft remain a marginal phenomenon.
• Environmental impact: While renewable energy sources drive the main emissions for H2 production and liquefaction, H2 leakage along the supply chain poses a significant risk, potentially doubling specific greenhouse gas emissions.

What we recommend

To enable a successful transition, we recommend the following actions for policymakers and industry stakeholders:

• Establish policy frameworks: Implement stable, long-term policy frameworks that combine effective CO2 pricing with targeted support for infrastructure to reduce early-stage investment risks.
• Coordinate infrastructure development: Plan LH2 supply as a coordinated European network rather than isolated projects. This allows for economies of scale and better utilization of the EHB.
• International partnerships: Foster trade relationships with stable regions to secure low-cost green H2 imports, while exporting European technology in return.
• Minimize leakage: Design the supply network with full life cycle emissions in mind, specifically improving boil-off management and reducing H2 leakage to ensure climate targets are met.

The full report, including all assumptions and methodologies, is available for download here.